Difference between revisions of "Calcium"
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Revision as of 23:35, 7 April 2017
Calcium, Vitamin D & Vitamin K2
Vitamin K1: Phytonadione Vitamin K2: Menaquinone (various forms, MK-n)
Randomised studies suggest that calcium supplements without coadministered vitamin D are associated with an increased incidence of myocardial infarction. [1]
One study indicates that intake of ordinary doses of vitamin D supplements seems to be associated with decreases in total mortality rates and the study's summary relative risk did not change according to the addition of calcium supplements in the intervention.[2]
After extensive databases had been constructed for the vitamin K1- and vitamin K2-content of various food items, population-based studies were initiated to correlate vitamin K intake with cardiovascular disease. In a first survey, Geleijnse et al. demonstrated that vitamin K2 intake is inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Remarkably, no association was found with the intake of vitamin K1.[3][4]
Long-chain menaquinones (MK-7 and higher) turned out to have the most beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease, with a mortality risk reduction of 9% for each 10 µg/day of extra intake.[4]
Hypothesis
- Calcium should be combined with Vitamin D and Vitamin K2 (especially MK-7) to prevent CHD
References
- ↑ Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis, BMJ 2010;341:c3691 doi:10.1136/bmj.c3691, http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/341/bmj.c3691.full.pdf
- ↑ Vitamin D Supplementation and Total Mortality - A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(16):1730-1737. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.16.1730, http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/413032
- ↑ Vitamin K: the effect on health beyond coagulation – an overview, Cees Vermeer, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321262
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dietary Intake of Menaquinone (Vitamin K2) Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study, http://jn.nutrition.org/content/134/11/3100.full.pdf
